Rosh Hashanah 3

Chapter 3

א מתני׳ <big><strong>ארבעה</strong></big> ראשי שנים הם באחד בניסן ר"ה למלכים ולרגלים
1 <big><b>MISHNAH: </b></big>THERE ARE FOUR NEW YEARS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e.,the year is reckoned to commence at different dates for different purposes, as the Mishnah goes on to specify.');"><sup>1</sup></span> ON THE FIRST OF NISAN<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The first month of the Jewish calendar (in Biblical times known as 'the month of Abib', or the springing corn) , commencing in the latter half of March or the earlier part of April.');"><sup>2</sup></span> IS NEW YEAR FOR KINGS<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If a document is dated with a certain year in a king's reign, the year is reckoned to have commenced in Nisan, no matter in what month the king came to the throne. The Gemara discusses what kinds of kings are meant - whether Israelitish or other.');"><sup>3</sup></span>
ב באחד באלול ראש השנה למעשר בהמה ר' אלעזר ור"ש אומרים באחד בתשרי
2 AND FOR FESTIVALS.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The meaning of this is discussed infra in the GEMARA:');"><sup>4</sup></span> ON THE FIRST OF ELUL<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The sixth month of the Jewish calendar.');"><sup>5</sup></span> IS NEW YEAR FOR THE TITHE OF CATTLE.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For purposes of tithe it was necessary to specify the year in which cattle were born, because cattle born in one year could not be given as tithe for cattle born in another, v. Lev. XXVII, 32.');"><sup>6</sup></span>
ג באחד בתשרי ראש השנה לשנים ולשמיטין וליובלות לנטיעה ולירקות
3 R'ELEAZAR AND R'SIMEON, HOWEVER, PLACE THIS ON THE FIRST OF TISHRI.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' So that according to these authorities there were only three New Years.');"><sup>7</sup></span> ON THE FIRST OF TISHRI<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The seventh month.');"><sup>8</sup></span> IS NEW YEAR FOR YEARS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The meaning of this is discussed infra in the GEMARA:');"><sup>4</sup></span>
ד באחד בשבט ראש השנה לאילן כדברי בית שמאי בית הלל אומרים בחמשה עשר בו:
4 FOR RELEASE AND JUBILEE YEARS,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., from the first of Tishri in these years ploughing and similar operations were forbidden. V. Lev. XXV, 4, 11.');"><sup>9</sup></span> FOR PLANTATION<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For reckoning the years of 'uncircumcision'. V. Lev. XIX, 23.');"><sup>10</sup></span> AND FOR [TITHE OF] VEGETABLES.<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., those gathered after this date could not be used as tithe for those gathered before. Cf. n. 6.');"><sup>11</sup></span>
ה <big><strong>גמ׳</strong></big> למלכים למאי הלכתא אמר רב חסדא לשטרות
5 ON THE FIRST OF SHEBAT<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' The eleventh month.');"><sup>12</sup></span> IS NEW YEAR FOR TREES,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' For tithing the fruit. V. notes 6 and 11.');"><sup>13</sup></span> ACCORDING TO THE RULING OF BETH SHAMMAI; BETH HILLEL, HOWEVER, PLACE IT ON THE FIFTEENTH OF THAT MONTH.
ו דתנן שטרי חוב המוקדמין פסולין והמאוחרין כשרין
6 <big><b>GEMARA: </b></big>FOR KINGS. Why this law?<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' Why should we not be content to reckon the year of the king from the day on which he ascended the throne?');"><sup>14</sup></span> - R'Hisda said: For dealing with documents,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., to enable us to determine which are antedated.');"><sup>15</sup></span>
ז תנו רבנן מלך שעמד בעשרים ותשעה באדר כיון שהגיע אחד בניסן עלתה לו שנה ואם לא עמד אלא באחד בניסן אין מונין לו שנה עד שיגיע ניסן אחר
7 as we have learnt: 'Bonds if antedated are invalid,<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' If a man borrowed money in Tishri and the bond was dated in Tammuz (the fourth month of the Jewish calendar) the bond is invalid and does not give the lender any right to seize property which the borrower may have sold even subsequent to Tishri. This is a fine for having conspired to seize by means of the bond property which had been sold prior to the making of the loan. Now if the reigning king came to the throne some time between Tammuz and Tishri, then if we reckoned his years from the date of his accession, Tishri would always come before Tammuz, and the document should therefore be valid. To prevent this leading to confusion, it was consequently ordained that the king's year should always be regarded as commencing with Nisan. Tosaf. point out that it is very difficult to conceive of an instance where this might actually lead to confusion, as scribes can usually be trusted to remember the year of the reign; the example Tosaf. give is where the king came to the throne on the first of Nisan and a scribe has to write a document on the first of Nisan in the following year. In such a case the scribe might easily think that the king came to the throne on the second of Nisan, and so, but for the regulation, might date the document a whole year wrong.');"><sup>16</sup></span> but if postdated are valid'. Our Rabbis learnt: If a king ascended the throne on the twenty-ninth of Adar, as soon as the first of Nisan arrives<span class="x" onmousemove="('comment',' I.e., on the next day.');"><sup>17</sup></span>
ח אמר מר מלך שעמד בעשרים ותשעה באדר כיון שהגיע אחד בניסן עלתה לו שנה הא
8 he is reckoned to have reigned a year. If on the other hand he ascended the throne on the first of Nisan, he is not reckoned to have reigned a year till the next first of Nisan comes round. The Master has said, 'If a king ascends the throne on the twenty-ninth of Adar, as soon as the first of Nisa arrives he is reckoned to have reigned a year.'